ngudi ngheo^
Ll/ONG MINH HUAN
dt vi&; chitng minh, de phdt trien thdnh cdng md hinh thi triidng cho ngit&i nghio cdn CO mgt he sinh thdi kinh doanh thich hdp vdi sit tham gia cua cdc tdc nhdn nhit Nhd nitdc, khu vile tit nhdn, cdc td chiic xd hpi. Mdi tdc nhdn se dong cdc vai trd khdc nhau trong viic tg.0 ra cdc diiu kien dephdt trien mo hinh thi trudng phd hdp cho ngUdi ngheo, trong do uai trd trung tdm diiu phoi thudng Id cua cdc doanh nghiep.
Tii k h o a : chuSi cung itng, mo hinh ddy thdp, thi trudng cho ngudi ngheo.
1. Mdt d a u
Ngodi cdc chUdng tiinfa m a n g tinfa cfait nfaan dao hd trd cfao ngudi ngheo, cdn cd rd't n h i l u cac chUdng trinh, cac sdng k i l n giup ngfldi nghdo cai tfaien cupc sd'ng, n a n g cao tfau nfaap vd tfaodt ngfaeo tfadng qua viec pfadt t r i l n tfai trfldng cfao ngfldi ngfado. Viee phdt t r i l n tfai t n i d n g pfafl hdp eho ngUdi ngfado dfldc tfafle faidn tfaeo h a i phUdng tfaflc. PfaUdng tfafle tfafl n h a t Id eoi ngudi ngheo nhU nfaflng ngudi tieu dung, tfl do kfauyen kfaicfa ede edng ty, n h a t Id cdc t a p doan da quoc gia k h a i thdc p h a n khfle t h i t n i d n g ndy; phdn kfauc thi trfldng ngudi cd t h u n h a p t h i p , edn dUdc b i l t de'n dudi cai t e n "Tfai t n i d n g day tfaap"
(Bottom of P y r a m i d - BOP). PhUdng thflc tfafl faai, coi ngudi ngfado n h u nhflng ngUdi ban, nfad eung c i p , tfl do fad trd giup dd fap t h a m gia vao chudi cung flng, ndng cao t h u nfaap cfao ngUdi ngheo.
Tfai trfldng ddy tfaap la kfaai nidm kinfa t l xa hpi hpc dUdc C. K. P r a h a l a d vd S t u a r t H a r t l a n d i u tien gidi tfaidu trong b i i bdo
"Su t h i n h vUdng tai p h a n khflc day thdp"
(Tfae F o r t u n e a t tfae Bottom of the Pyramid) n d m 2002, theo dd thi tnidng day t h d p dUde dinfa ngfaia nfaU t h i t n i d n g cua 4 ty ngudi dan ngfaeo nfait tfal gidi, nfaflng ngudi cd tfau n h a p it hdn 2 USD/ngdy va sinh song chu yeu d Chdu Phi, Ddng Au, Cfadu My Latinh vd C h a u A. P r a h a l a d va H a r t (2002) da cfai r a r i n g p h a n k h u c t h i trudng day t h a p eo t h i m a n g dl^n nfaflng ed fadi to ldn cfao cdc cdng ty
da qud'c gia. Vide phat t r i l n t h i trudng day tfaap mpt mat cd tfae giup nfaflng cdng ty ndy tim kie'm nfaiJng cd hdi pfaat trien, m a t kfaac cd t h e mang lai thinfa vUdng cho ngudi ngfaeo.
Ngay nay, eiing vdi sU pfadt trien cua khoa fapc cdng ngfad, vide tie'p cdn phdn khflc t h i trudng ddy thdp ngay cang trd ndn k h a thi va eae cdng ty, tdp dodn da quoc gia cflng da nfadn r a d i l u ndy. Trd ngai ldn nfait ddi vdi cdc cdng ty, tdp doan da qud'c gia la iam sao ke't hdp faai hda gifla cac yeu td': ehi pfai san x u i t tfaa'p, efaat lUdng tot, sU b i n vflng vd ldi n h u a n d l cd the cfainfa pfauc khuc thi trudng nay. Thdng qua mdt sd' vi du v l cdc trudng fapp tfaanfa cdng, P r a h a l a d vd H a r t (2002) da de xua't mdt chie'n lUdc kinh doanh mdi dd'i vdi tfai tnidng day thdp, trong dd, cd sU kd't hdp hai hda eua 4 yd'u td' tren.
D I gdp p h i n nang cao mflc sd'ng vd thiic hidn mue tieu xda ddi giam ngfaeo da chieu, ngodi viee khuyen kfaich cdc doanh eung ca'p h a n g hda cho thi trudng day tfaap, coi hp nhU ngudi mua, mdt cdcfa tfaflc kfaac Id coi fap la ngUdi bdn. Jaiswal (2008) cfai r a vide t a n g cUdng vai trd cua ngUdi ngheo trong viec giam
Luong Minh Huan, TS.. Vien Phit triln doanh nghiep, Ph6ng Thucmg mai vi cdng nghiep Viet Nam.
1. Nghien clhi nay dupc thuc hiln trong khutfn khtf dl tli "Nghiln cdu phit triln cic mO hinh thi trudng phil hpp cho ngutfi ngheo vung Tay Bic", ma stf: KHCN- TB.lOX/13-18, thutfc Chuang tiinh khoa hoc vl c6ng nghe trong dilm d p nhl nudc giai doan 2013-2018
"Khoa hpc vl ctfng nghl phuc vu phit triln bin vimg viing Tay Bac".
'JJ^fiiS^ciiU Kinh tSs68 (459) - Thing 8/2016
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ngheo nhanfa cfadng b i n g each giflp hp trd tfaanfa cac nfaa san xua't, t h a m gia vao eac chudi gia t r i eung cap dau vao cho cac doanh ngfaidp. Quan d i l m giup ngudi ngheo t h a m gia chudi eung flng tie'p tue dUdc pfaat trien bdi cdc n h a kfaoa hpc khac nfau Karnani (2007). Theo K a m a n i , t h a y vi t a p t r u n g coi ngudi ngheo nfau ngUdi tieu dung, cfaflng ta c i n pfaai xem hp nfafl nfaflng nfaa san x u i t , cd nfau vay mdi giup xda ddi giam nghdo, nang cao t h u nfaap thUc t e cua ngUdi ngfado.
2. K h u n g p h a n t i c h m o h i n h t h i t r f l d n g p h u htfp c h o ngfldi n g h e o 2.1. Dieu kiin hinh thdnh vd phdt trien thi trudng phu hap cho ngudi ngheo
2.1.1. Dieu kien cd bdn hinh thdnh vd phdt trien thi tntdng phii hdp cho ngUdi ngheo Theo nguyen Iy makerting, mdt tfai trudng ton tai khi cung va cau gap dUdc n h a u . Day la nguyen ly ed b a n de binb t h a n h n e n bat ky loai thi tnidng nao va thi trUdng phu hdp cho ngfldi ngheo ciing khdng pfaai la ngoai Id.
Trong md hinfa tfai trfldng ddy tfadp, khi ngUdi ngfaeo la ngfldi mua, thi e i n phai ed sU phfl hdp gifla nhu c i u tieu dung eua ngUdi ngfaeo vdi hang hda cimg c i p eua doanh ngfaidp. Ngudi tieu diing cua thi trudng day t h a p cd chung nhiing dac diem n h u (IFC va WRI, 2007): nfaieu nfau c i u kfadng dUdc dap flng, pfau thudc vdo sinh ke t u tuc, t r a gid cao hdn cho san pfadm vd tiicfa vu so vdi eae pfaan khue kfaac do cde rao can cua thi tnidng.
Tfaeo ngfaien cflu cua Saehin va Sreyamsa (2011), thi trUdng day tfaap d ndng tfadn khdng phai la mpt thi trUdng dong nfait ma bao gom cdc loai nfadm ddn eu kfaac n h a u ve mflc t h u nfaap vd ehi tieu va dac diem tieu dung. Su khac biet nay khien cdc san pfaam fadng fada hoac dicfa vu kfadng d l thay doi va CO tfal dap flng cung mpt luc n h i l u tdp khdcfa hang. Tuy nfaidn, du nhu cau da dang va t h a y dd'i gifla eac vung, t a p khaeh fadng d tfai trudng day tfadp v i n cd nfaiing d i l m chung h e n q u a n den nhflng khd k h a n v l tdi ehinh, tfadng tin, d i l u kien song...
Ve pfaia eung, cfaia khda de cac doanh nghiep n h d m d i h t h a n h cdng trdn tfai trUdng BOP la "tao r a n a n g liic tidu tfau" — ndi each khdc la phai d a m bao nhflng ngUdi tieu diing ngfaeo cd k h a ndng va sdn sdng m u a hang hda va san p h i m doanh nghiep cung cap.
P r a h a l a d (2009) cfao r a n g ngudi tidu dung BOP dang ngay cang trd n e n pfaflc t a p va ddi fadi. Vi vay, vdi each suy nghi t r u y i n tho'ng r i n g ede san pfaam gia tfaanh t h i p Id ky vpng duy nfadt't se kfadng giup cde doanh nghiep cd ldi nhudn. Theo P r a h a l a d (2009) n h a n thflc cua ngudi tieu dung BOP ve gia tri, khdng xdc dinh bdi mflc gia tfad'p vi hp khdng mu&i cfai m u a san p h a m gia re vd chat lUdng t h i p . P r a h a l a d (2009) lap luan r i n g cdc doanh nghiep kinh doanh trong p h a n khflc BOP n e n suy nghl v l viec p h a t t r i l n cde san p h i m cd gia ca pfaai cfadng cho nfaflng ngudi tieu dung nay. Dieu dd cd ngfaia Id cae cdng ty nen pfaat trien cdc san p h d m va dicfa vu md ngUdi tieu d u n g BOP cd tfal chi t r a . Prahalad (2009) c i i i ^ chi r a r i n g ben canh kha nang chi tra, cac cdng ty ndn quan t a m d i n cae y l u to"
quan trpng khde. Dd ia n h a n thflc, tiep can, tinfa s i n cd, nhflng yeu t6' ma Prahalad (2009) gdp cung vdi kfaa ndng chi tra va goi nd la 4 A kha nang tfaanfa todn (Affordabihty), kha nang tiep can (Access), tinh san cd (Avaihbihty), n h a n thflc (Awareness).
Trong md fainh chuoi cung flng, ngudi ngheo cd the d vi t r i ngudi cung cap cac yeu to dau vao va/hoac doi tUdng ed nhu e i u sfl dung cac san p h i m h a n g fada/dich vu. Tren thi trudng cac yeu to san xuat, ngUdi ngheo "ban"
sfle lao dpng va cac san pham do minfa tnie t i l p lao ddng d l tao r a (cfau y l u la ndng, ldm, thuy san) eho ddi tUdng mua (chu yeu la cac doanh nghiep faodc cac ddn vi trung gian, mdt bp pfadn la b a n cho nhflng ngudi tieu diing trflc tilp). San p h i m cua ngudi nghdo san x u i t r a tfaudng la cac san p h i m thd, c6 dUdc do khai thac hoac lao dong trUc tilp, it qua sd ehe hoac sd cfal^ cd b a n tfaeo cac phUdng phap truyen thong quy md nhd. Khong cfai kfaau san x u i t md ca thi tnidng cua ngudi ngheo cung tfaudng bi chi p h « bdi tieu thUdng va
1 8 N^i^ cdu Kiih t0s68 (459) - Thing 8/2016
pfau tfaupc n h i l u vao loai san pham va kfaoang each tfl noi san xud't den thi tnidng. Nhin chung, tiiLh t h u d i ^ pfaim cua faang fada qua kem, giao dich chu ye'u la san p h i m tfad - d l fau fadng, chu yeu la b a n le dUdc cung ca'p t n i c t i l p tfl ngudi san x u i t hoae ngUdi t h u gom ( t h u d i ^ cung chinh la ngUdi san x u i t ) vdi so' lUdng nhd... t i n h canh t r a n h thap, gia tri gia tdng it. Ngodi ra, ngudi ngfaeo tfaudng cd cdng cu, t r a n g thilit bi lao ddng thd sd, it sfl dung may mdc. Nguon gid'ng dau vdo (hoat dpng nong nghiep) da p h a n la t u chu, luu gifl tfl mua vu trfldc. Ky t h u d t k h a i thac, lao ddng canh tac lac fadu. Kha ndng du trfl va quan tri nguon h a n g kem. Cuoi cflng, hoat ddng san x u i t ndng nghiep cua ngudi ngheo chiu a n h hudng ldn cua tii nfaidn.
Ngoai vide b a n cae san pham, ngudi ngfaeo cd the di ldm tfaue cho cae doanfa i^faiep d l nfaan dUdc t i l n c 6 i ^ vdi sflc lao dpng ma hp bd ra. Hp d l dang c h i p nfaan cac mfle gid thue lao (tong ma ben doanh nghidp hay i ^ d i thud dtia ra. Tuy nhien, lao ddng cua hp chu yeu la lao ddng ehdn tay do da pfain i^udi ngfado deu kfadng dUOe ddo tao, trinh do hpc v£&i va ^ tfauat kfadng eao, kfadng bilt sfl dung cdc may mdc cdng ngfaiep.
2.1.2. Dieu kiin hd trd hinh thdnh ud phdt trien thi tnidng cho ngudi ngheo Tfaeo Sacfain vd Sreyamsa (2011), nfailu y l u to v l chinfa tri, xa fapi, kinfa tl^ va cdng ngfad tai cae t h i t n i d n g day t h a p da tao r a nhiSng r a o can doi vdi cdc doanfa nghidp kfai muon t h a m gia vao tfai tnidng nay. Cac rao can n a y ed tfae ke den nhU: rao can ve ed sd h a t i n g , rao can <ha ly, mat dp dan eU tfaUa tfadt vd sU khac bidt giiia cac ben t h a m gia.... De h a n che cac rao can nay, ngoai nfaiing dilu kidn cd b a n de fainfa tfaanh va phat trien thi trudng day tfaap n h u da trinh bay d tren, can cd cac dilu kidn fao trd hen quan d I h cd sd faa ting, mng i ^ d , thdng tin t m y l n thdng,... d l giup cac doanh n ^ d p vUdt qua dflde eac rdo can tren.
• Cdsdhgtdng
Da so" ngfldi nghdo d Viet Nam deu sinh song 5 nhflng vung cd nhflng ddc thfl d i l u
kien dia 1;^ ddc biet, r i t khd tid'p edn. Cae viing cd ty Id nghdo cao n h i t d Vidt Nam la cac tinh m i l n nfli pfaia Bdc, mpt pfain dpe duydn hai m i l n Trung, Tdy Nguydn. Ha t a n g giao thdng d eac vflng nay chUa p h i t t r i l n . Cd sd h a t i n g md cd ban Id ha t a n g giao tfadng, he tfadng didn, nude, thdng tin hen lac Id d i l u kien quan trpng trong viee tUdng tac vd cd tfal tfaiic hien dUdc eac faoat dpng trong tfai trfldng hidu qua. Mae dfl Nhd nflde dang r i t tieh cflc trong vide cai thidn ha t i n g d ddy, nfaflng kfaa ndng tfau h u t va dau tU vdn cdn faet sflc faan chl.
• Hg tdng thUdng mgi
De tdng sflc m u a eua ngUdi nghdo, c i n tdng cUdng k h a nang t i l p cdn tin dung eua ngudi ngfado dong tfadi t a n g cd fapi tao t h u n h a p cho hp. Ngodi ra, ben canh viec eae doanfa nghiep dp dung eae cdng nghe mdi, vide tfaay doi quan diem vd nfadn tfafle cua ngudi ngfado thdng qua viec gido due cung ddng vai trd quyet dinh de hp t h a m gia tfai trUdng. Nfaieu n h a nghidn cflu da chi r a r i n g t h a y doi thdi quen tieu dflng eua ngudi ngfado la mpt trong nhflng tfaacfa tfafle ldn cua cac doanh nghidp khi tid'p cdn thi t n i d n g day tfaap. Cfainfa vi vdy, vide giao due vd cung e i p tfadng tin de tfaay dd'i nfaan tfaflc, d i n dd'n tfaay doi tfadi quen tieu dflng cua ngudi nghdo la mdt trong nfaflng dieu kien fad trd quan trong d l phat trien t h a n h cdng tfai trudng day tfaap (UN-HABITAT, 2009).
• Mgng ludi phdn phm tgi dia phitang Vdi sU khae b i l t v l dia ly, v l vdn hda eong tfaera sU b a n c h l v l cd sd ha t a n g vd chi pfai, rd't it cdc doanh nghidp cd tfal thie't ldp dUdc mang ludi p h a n phdi rieng cua minfa cho eac tfai tnidng day thdp. Chinh vi vay, vide cd sdn mang lUdi pfadn pfadi d dia pfaUdng se giup cac doanh ngfaiep d l ddng hon trong viee dUa h a n g fada d i n tay ngUdi tieu diing. Nfad t d n dung mang ludi pfadn pfadi cd sdn d dia phUdng, cae doanfa ngfaiep eiing ed d i l u kien d l giam cfai pfai, tfl dd giam gia b a n san pfadm.
Ughien ciiu Kinh td sdB (459) - Thing 8/2016
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• Thdng tin, ky ndng vd khd ndng td chitc Ngudi ngfado da p h i n t h a m gia vdo thi trudng mdt each ddn le, kfadng cd sU dinfa hudng vd to ehflc, it kinh ngfaiem dam pfadn vd dat dieu kien, tfaieu tfadng t m ve tfai trudng;
dong tfadi, kha ndng nhan tfaflc va phdn tich cdn nfailu h a n che do trinfa dp chfla eao.
2.1.3. Diiu kien ve quy tdc thi tntdng di hinh thdnh vd phdt tri^n tki trUdng cho ngudi ngheo
• Lugt le, cdc tieu chudn vd quy tdc Cac chinfa sacfa eua Nhd nUdc v l hd trd xda ddi giam ngfaeo ma cu the Id ho trd phat t r i l n thi trudng cho ngUdi ngheo tfadng qua vide tao r a cac dilu kidn hd trd pfadt trien thi tnidng, mdi trudng dau tU ed vai trd rd't quan trpng.
Khi eae quan dilm dUdc the cfal hda tfaanh cdc van ban luat, cac tieu c h u i n va quy tac, viee thuc hidn se eang ed dpng liic va to chflc.
• Cdc quy dinh khdng chinh thitc Cdc quy dinh khong chinh thflc Id cac luat le, pfaong tuc tap qudn, van fada... eua ngudi dan dia phUdng. Cae y l u to nay ddi khi can trd sU gia n h a p eua ngUdi ngfado vdo tfai trUdng do viee thiie hien loi song khep kin, cam chiu, bai trfl tiep xflc vdi ben ngoai. Cach t i l p can, ho trd sfl phat t r i l n thi tnidng eho ngUdi ngheo eflng c i n ra't t h a n trpng, hda hop vdi van fada, phong tuc... tai dia phUdng.
2.2. Vai tro cua cdc tdc nhdn tham gia trong viec phdt trien thi trudng phd hap cho ngudi ngheo
Theo Prahalad (2012), bai hpc tfl eac tdp dodn da quoc gia da cho tfad'y, di t i l p cdn tfadnh cdng tfai trUdng day thdp, vide doi mdi kfadng cfai thUc faidn doi vdi san p h i m md cdn phai dUde t r i l n kfaai trong ea hd sinh t h a i kinh doanfa, tfl do tao dilu kien d l pfaat t r i l n mpt he tho'ng kinfa doanfa mdi cfao thi trudng cd su tfaam gia cua ngudi ngfado. D l xay diing va pfaat t r i l n mdt fad sinh thai mdi ndy thi c i n cd sii can tfaidp cua cd quan n h a nUdc, cde to' chflc t u nfaan vd eac to cfafle xd hdi. Trong he sinh thai nay cdc tac n h a n t h a m gia phoi fadp va thflc hien eac chflc nang tfaeo faudng
cfauyen mdn hda, trong dd vai trd trung tam d i l u phdi tfaudng la cua cac doanh nghiep.
2.2.1. Vai tro cua nhd nitdc trong viec phdt triin thi tntdng cho ngUdi nghio Cdc vUdng m i e hen quan d i n t h u l vd le pfai, nfaflng y l u kdm trong vide thiie thi cfainh sach vd vE&i de ho trd ky tfaudt, tfadng tin vk tfai trudng la nfaiJng rdo can cfainfa doi vdi nong ddn va eac nfaa kinfa doanh d thi tnidng eho ngudi ngfado. Vai tro eioa n h a nUdc dUdc the hien qua hai ndi dung ehinh sau:
• Xdy ditng vd tgo moi trUdng kinh doanh thugn lai
De phat trien thi trUdng day thap, cac chinfa phu e i n tao d i l u kien cho su hinh tfadnfa vd pfaat t r i l n eua cdc doanh nghiep tu n h a n trong cac ngdnfa t h a m dung lao dpng cua n i n kinh t l , tfadng qua cac cfainh sdch thich hop (nhu ddn gian faoa tfau tuc dang 1^), xay dUng cd sd h a t i n g (nfau giao tfadng van tai), va faoan thidn cdc tfal che thi tnidng (nhU thi trudng vdh) (Kamani, 2006). Ngodi viec tao lap mdi trUdng kinh doanh t h u a n ldi, cfainfa pfau c i n phai thUc hien ede nhiem vu xda ddi giam ngfado tfadng qua viec o m g cip cdc dich vu xa hdi cfao ngudi dan.
Tudng t u doi vdi md faanfa ehudi cung flng, mdi tnidng ehinh saeh a n h hudng den todn bo chudi cung flng. Nfaa nUdc ciing la ngUdi ban fadnfa eac tieu cfauin e h i t lUdng va x i p loai c h i t lUdng eua san pfaim, dicfa vu trong chuoi.
Cdc cfainfa sdefa va tieu c h u i n chat lUdng se tao n i n tang phoi fadp quan ly efaat lUdng, giup giam cfai pfai giao dich tin tnidng vd taag bao dam hdp dong giflp eac khdu trong chudi hoat ddng tdt. Trong qua trinh ean thidp vdo p h a t t r i l n thi trudng cho ngfldi ngheo thdng qua chudi cung flng, n h a nfldc chiu trdch nhiem ldp ehinh saeh vi md vd xay dflng the cfae cfao tfai trudng; cfainfa quyln dia phUdng thuc thi cac chinh sacfa va chUdng trinh phat trien thi trUdng va xda ddi giam ngheo.
• Nhd ni^ cung cap ngudn vdh vd phuang tiin thdc ddy qud trinh phdt trien mo hinh thi tnidng cho ngUiA ngheo.
20 NghiSn ciiu Kinh t^s&B (459) - Thing B/2016
Cac k h o a n d a u t u thUc faien fad trd pfaat t r i e n t h i t r u d n g n h u d i u t u ve ed sd ha t i n g , cac kfaoan trd cd'p pfau fadp cac cam ke't quo'c te, faoat dpng ngfaidn cflu... c i n n g u I n d i u tfl ldn, tfau fali vd'n cham. Them vao dd, viec d i u tfl n i y xet trdn q u a n diem k i n h doanh, nd k h d n g m a n g lai mflc ldi n h u a n cao do dd it dfldc eae to' chflc, ca n h d n q u a n tdm. Vi vdy, n h a nude p h a i d a u t u vao cdc h a n g muc nay nfaam kfadi xUdng cfao eac h o a t dpng p h a t trien t h i t r u d n g . Nfaa nUdc cd q u y l n liie ldn de k i e m soat moi h o a t ddng kinfa td', xa fapi n e n nfad nUde ed kfaa n d n g eung e i p phUdng t i e n d l tfaue d i y t h i trUdng cfao ngudi ngfaeo. PfaUdng tidn d day ed tfal la cae ngudn lUe, eae tfae che, cfainfa sacfa, cac dieu kidn Uu tien... ve h i n h t h a n h va t h i e t lap thi t n i d n g eung n h u cac doi tac t r o n g t h i trfldng vdi ngfldi ngfaeo; cde dieu kien vd cd hpi cfao cae to cfafle khdc cflng tfaam gia faoat dpng nay. Khi eae ldi icfa cfaung col ldi bi de doa, vi du nfau v a n de bao ve ngfldi tidu dflng, bao ve mdi t n i d n g faay on dinfa kinfa td', n h a nUdc cung cd v a i trd d i n h hUdng hoac d i l u tiet san x u i t , eung e i p cac dicfa vu cdng cdng bd s u n g va tfaUc hien vai trd cua mpt t h e ehe hd trd n d n g e i p chudi cung flng, giam t h i e u nfaflng kfaiem kfauyin eua ed c h l thi trudng.
2.2.2. Vai tro cua khu vUc tU nhdn trong viec phdt trien thi trUdng cho ngUdi ngheo Trong viec p h a t t r i e n t h i t r u d n g cfao ngudi ngfaeo, kfau vUc t u nfadn, trong dd ddc biet la cde doanfa nghiep t u n h a n , gifl vai trd chfl dao.
Kinfa ngfaidm quoc te cfao tfad'y ye'u to' q u a n t r p n g q u y l t dinh sii tfadnfa edng eua tfai t r u d n g day tfaap la eac doanfa ngfaiep pfaai gifl vai trd ehu dao trong cac sang kien p h a t t r i e n t h i t n t d n g ddy tfadp cho ngudi ngfado ( P r a h a l a d vd H a r t , 2002). Trong thflc te', cdc cd fapi de kinfa doanfa t r e n tfai trfldng day t h d p thfldng faan efal vd tfaich fadp vdi cac doanh nghidp nhd vd vfla d dia phUdng.
T h i t r u d n g n a y t h u d n g ed quy md nho, p h a n t a n v l dia ly, vi t h e r a t khd d l cdc doanfa
ngfaiep sfl dung chie'n luong t a n dung ldi tfal kinh doanh theo quy md. Ngodi r a cdn pfaai k l de'n sii faan cfal v l co sd h a t i n g khi t i l p edn tfai trudng ddy t h a p . Cfainfa vi vdy, eac san pfaam b a n cho ngudi ngfado thudng it phflc t a p hdn, ddn gian v l edng n g h l vd t i n h ndng sfl dung. San p h i m ddnfa cfao t h i t r u d n g ddy t h a p cung thudng it dUdc q u a n g ba, tid'p t h i va gidi thieu v l thUdng faieu.
Ddi vdi md hinh efauoi cung flng, dflng vi t r i d i n d i u trong nhflng ngfldi v a n h d n h cfaudi la nhflng cdng ty budn b a n faay cac cdng ty cdng nghiep efau chot, t h u d n g dUde gpi la cdng t y ddn dau, d a m nhidm vai trd d i l u phdi trong chudi cung flng. Q u y l n lue trong chudi thudng t h e faien d faai dang sau:
(1) anfa hudng de'n c h i l u hUdng p h a t t r i l n cua ehudi (ngudi m u a ddn ddt hoac ngUdi b a n d i n d i t ) ; (2) chu ddng q u a n ly va dieu pfadi cae sU van faanfa eua eac k h a u trong chudi de ed dUdc k i t qua raong raud'n. Cdng ty d i n d i u cd nhiem vu t l chflc faoat ddng phd'i hdp trong toan bp efaudi eung flng vi ldi ich cfla hp va vi ldi ich canh t r a n h t a p t h e efla t i t ca cac n h a v a n hinfa efaudi. Cde edng ty ndy phai phoi fadp vdi cde td chflc dia phUdng va cae td cfafle phi cfainfa pfau, cae ed quan fadp tac p h a t t r i l n , chinfa quyen nfaa nUdc, t i n h vd/hoac dia pfaUdng tfl khi mdi b i t d i u de tim r a nhflng edch doi mdi de cai thidn mdi trUdng kinh doanh.
2.2.3. Vai tro cua cdc to chitc phdt trien quo'c te trong viec phdt tnen thi trUdng cho ngUdi ngheo
Cac to' chflc p h a t trien qud'c td' r a nfaflng sang k i l n \d ldi ich cpng dong trong p h a t trien kinh te' (nfau mue tieu tdng trUdng vi ngUdi ngheo). Cae t l ehflc nay dflng bdn ngoai quy t r t n h kinfa doanh tfaudng nfadt vd tfaUc faidn cac nfaiem vu fao trd d i l n fainh la:
tao r a n h a n thfle, tao d i l u kien cho viee p h a t t r i l n t h i trudng cfao ngudi ngfaeo, cung xdy dung c h i l n lUdc, ke faoach fadnfa ddng vd d i l u phdi eac faoat ddng fao trd. Cde to cfafle pfadt trien cd t h e giup ngUdi nghdo tid'p can tfai t r u d n g b i n g each: cho vay tin dung, hd
Ij^n Cliu Kinh tS so 8 (459) - Thing 8/2016 NghiSn
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trd v l ky tfaudt giflp ndng cao n a n g lUe san x u i t cfao ngudi ngheo vdo doanh ngfaidp d day tfaap, cai t h i e n he tfad'ng giao thdng lidn Isic, cung cap cdc giai pfaap pfaat trien kinfa t l dia pfauong phfl hdp...
Tuy nfaien, tfl gdc dp cua cac cd q u a n pfaat trien, y tudng xdy dflng efaudi cung flng khdng chi diia trdn ldi the' canh t r a n h md edn cd mue tieu vi ngUdi ngheo. Cae tfae cfal fad trd phai c h i c c h i n r i n g cd k h a n a n g cai tfaien pfaan pfad'i tfau nhdp gia tdng trong chudi cung flng gifla cae nhdm nhd v a n faanh. Cdc nfad san x u i t la ngudi ngheo (bao gom ea cac n h a t h a u phu, lao ddng tai n h a vd/hoac ngudi lam cdng) d i u phai cd ed fadi dUdc hudng p h a n eua minh trong nfaflng gia tri dUdc tao ra. Cac to cfafle pfadt t r i l n quoc te cd nfaiing each tiep can k h a c n h a u ddi vdi cdc ddi tac, nfadm ddi tUdng, trinfa t u p h a n tich va phUdng thflc can thiep vao ehudi cung flng ket hop vdi eac each tiep can khac.
Cac each t i l p can thudng dUdc k i t fadp va bo sung cho phUdng pfadp t i l p cdn efaudi eung flng la cum, fadp tae cdng - tU, pfadt trien kinh t e dia phUdng, xuc tie'n d i u tu, dich vu pfaat trien kinh doanfa.
2.2.4. Vai tro cua cdc tdc nhdn khdc trong phdt triin thi trUdng cho ngUdi ngheo D l t i e p can t h i t r u d n g d a y tfadp, eac doanfa ngfaidp k h d n g chi dfla vdo n g u o n liic cua rainh m a can p h a i t a n d u n g raang ludi pfai ehinh thflc de giflp k h d e pfauc cac r a o can, h a n cfad' m a t h i trfldng ddy tfadp t a o r a :
- H a n c h l v l sflc m u a cua ngudi ngheo:
cac td chflc faoat ddng vi con ngudi vd cac to' chflc phi chinfa phu cd tfal giflp cdc doanh nghiep t i l p can thi trudng bang viee cung cap cac dich vu phi ldi nfauan lien q u a n den pfadn pfadi, giup fadng hda d i n tay ngUdi tieu dung. D i l u nay cd tfal giup cac doanh nghiep giam dUdc chi phi trong viee van e h u y i n vd p h d n phoi, tfl dd giam dUdc gid bdn, phfl fadp fadn vdi sflc m u a faan cfae cfla ngudi ngfado.
- Kfaac biet v l dia ly, v a n hda va mflc t h u n h a p cua ngUdi tieu dung d t h i trudng day tfaap.
- H a n efal nfaeln tfafle eua ngudi ngheo v l cac nfau c i u cua hp va tfadng tin v l cdc san p h i m trdn thi t n i d n g . Cdc to' chflc phi ldi n h u d n faoac cac to' chflc quo'c t e hoat ddng vi con ngudi cd tfal tfaiic faidn cdc kfada dao tao, pfao b i l n tuyen t r u y e n thdng tin cho ngudi ddn, nhd't la ngudi ngheo v l ldi ieh cua nfaflng san pfaam, n h a t la cac s a n p h a m hdn q u a n den ve sinh, sfle khde vd an toan nhu nude sach, tfaiic pfaim a n toan
- H a n efal^ v l ed sd faa t i n g va fad thong t h e che. Ngodi cac raang lUdi p h d n phdi cd s i n , cdc doanfa nghiep va to chflc d dia phUdng cdn cd cdc tfadng tin vd faieu biet ve fad tfaong tfae chd' cflng nhU cac moi quan he vdi cfainfa q u y l n dia phUOng,
- Can nhieu thdi gian fadn d l dat dUdc muc tieu k i n h te: cac doanh ngfaiep ed the hdp tac vdi cac to chflc tdi trd qudi: tl^ vd cdc ddi tae phdt trien ed tfal fad trd vdh eho cac dli an fad trd phdt trien t h i trUdng cfao ngUdi ngfaeo, nhd dd, cac doanh nghiep se d i u tU it fadn tfl nguon von cua minfa khi xam nfadp tfai trudng ndy.
- Cdc nfaan to xue tae vd kieh thicfa: nhdm ndy bao gom ta't ea tfl cdc vien faan lam, t m n g t d m ngfaien cflu d I h cdc quy tdi trd va To cfafle P h i chinh pfau tdi eac t l chflc tai cfainh pfau hdp va cac cdng ty t u van, hien cfafle n a n g mdi gidi nfau Id mdt t m n g gian va cd mpt m a n g ludi rd't rpng. Hp r a t quan tam den vide trd t h a n h c i u noi gifla day thap v i nhflng edng ty kinfa doanh t h u i n tuy de giflp cho cac y tfldng day t h a p dUdc thuc faien, n h u cdc edng cu mdi, eae qua trinh, k l faoach chi tiet vd cd sd h a t i n g ciing va m i m cfao vide duy t r i s a n g tao tfai tnidng. Hp tfaudng ed quy md nfad, linh ddng.
3 . K e t l u a n
Cd tfal dUa r a mpt kfaung pfadn tich cfaung cfao viec pfaat t r i l n t h i tnidng cho ngUdi nghdo n h u trong hinfa 1.
22 NghiSn ciiu Kmh tSsSB (459) - Thing 8/2016
H I N H 1: K h u n g p h a n t i c h m o h i n h p h a t t r i e n t h i trfldng c h o ngflfli n g h d o
Chinh phCi
To chflc phi loi nhuan
Khu vi/ctu* nhan
Hiep hpi doanh nghiep
Cac t d chflc dgi didn
Cd mdt viee ldm ma fadn td't ea nfaflng viec khac se giup tao tfadnh edng rUc rd trong cac faoat ddng cua tfai trUdng cho ngUdi nghdo, dd la sfl fadp tdc vd cpng tac gifla nfaiing tac nfaan gia vao tfai t n i d n g cfao ngUdi ngfaeo.
Neu mpt t a p doan da quoc gia dang tim kie'm b a n h a n g vao tfai t n i d n g day tfaap faay tfau faut nguon ldi tfl do, nfaa san xud't vd ngudi tieu diing t r o n g tfai t n i d n g n a y se dUdc phuc vu mpt each tot n h a t kfai nhflng ngUdi tfaam gia kfade - dd la nfaflng n h a ehuyen gia, cac to chflc p h a t trien va cae nhdm dia phUdng - giup t a o r a mdt e i u nm gifla nhflng ngfldi t h a m gia.
Khdng cd mdt edng tfafle d l dang s i n cd cfao mdt e h i l n lUdc pfaat trien thi trudng cho ngUdi nghdo thanfa edng. Cde chuydn gia p h a t trien v i n dang nghien eflu v i n d l ndy vd v i n dang t i m kie'm each mdi de tiep cdn dUdc vide dd, t r o n g kfai <^6 cung lflc cac tdp doan da qudc gia dang tfafl mdt loat cdc cacfa tiep cdn de pfau hdp vdi thi t n i d n g cho ngudi ngfado./.
TAI Ll£U THAM K H A O
1. ADB (2004), Cic trudng hop diln hinh kit ntfi thi trudng thanh ctfng, Du an Ndng cao hieu qud thi trudng cho ngudi ngheo. M4P. ADB.
2. IFC and WRI (2007), The Next 4 Billion Market Size And Business Strategy at The Base of The Pyramid, World Resources Institute and International Finance Corporation.
3. laiswal A. K. (2008), Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid; An Alternate Perspective, Innovation, Winter.
4. Kamani, A. (2006). Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: A Mirage, Ross School of Business. Working Paper Series No. 1035.
5. Kamani, A. (2007). The Mirage of Marketing to the Bottom of the Pyramid: How the Private Sector Can Help Alleviate Poverty, California Management Review, 49 (4), pp 90-111.
6. Prahalad C. K. (2009). The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Eradicating Poverty through Profits.
New Delhi: Pearson Education/Wharton School Publishing, 5lh edition.
7. Prahalad C. K. (2012), Bottom of die Pyramid as a Source of Breakthrough IrmovaUons. Journal Product Innovation Management, 29 (1). pp 6-12.
8. Prahalad C K and Hart S. L. (2002), The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid, Strategy + Business, No 26, pp 1-14. Booz Allen Hamilton
9. Sachm S. and Sreyamsa B. (2011), The Base of Pyramid distribution challenge: Evaluating allerruite distribution models of energy products for rural Base of Pyramid in India, Centre for Development Finance, Institute for Financial and Management Research
10. UN-HABITAT (2009). Bonom of the Pyramid Approaches for Urban Sustainabiiity
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